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railways minister

  • 1 совет министров

    1. ministerial council

    министерский пост, пост министра — ministerial post

    2. Council of Ministers

    Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > совет министров

  • 2 министр путей сообщения

    Новый русско-английский словарь > министр путей сообщения

  • 3 Wöhler, August

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 22 June 1819 Soltau, Germany
    d. 21 June 1914 Hannover, Germany
    [br]
    German railway engineer who first established the fatigue fracture of metals.
    [br]
    Wöhler, the son of a schoolteacher, was born at Soltau on the Luneburg Heath and received his early education at his father's school, where his mathematical abilities soon became apparent. He completed his studies at the Technical High School, Hannover.
    In 1840 he obtained a position at the Borsig Engineering Works in Berlin and acquired there much valuable experience in railway technology. He trained as an engine driver in Belgium and in 1843 was appointed as an engineer to the first Hannoverian Railway, then being constructed between Hannover and Lehrte. In 1847 he became Chief Superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Brandenhurg Railway, where his technical abilities influenced the Prussian Minister of Commerce to appoint him to a commission set up to investigate the reasons for the unusually high incidence of axle failures then being encountered on the railways. This was in 1852, and by 1854, when the Brandenburg line had been nationalized, Wöhler had already embarked on the long, systematic programme of mechanical testing which eventually provided him with a clear insight into the process of what is now referred to as "fatigue failure". He concentrated initially on the behaviour of machined iron and steel specimens subjected to fluctuating direct, bending and torsional stresses that were imposed by testing machines of his own design.
    Although Wöhler was not the first investigator in this area, he was the first to recognize the state of "fatigue" induced in metals by the repeated application of cycles of stress at levels well below those that would cause immediate failure. His method of plotting the fatigue stress amplitude "S" against the number of stress cycles necessary to cause failure "N" yielded the well-known S-N curve which described very precisely the susceptibility to fatigue failure of the material concerned. Engineers were thus provided with an invaluable testing technique that is still widely used in the 1990s.
    Between 1851 and 1898 Wöhler published forty-two papers in German technical journals, although the importance of his work was not initially fully appreciated in other countries. A display of some of his fracture fatigue specimens at the Paris Exposition in 1867, however, stimulated a short review of his work in Engineering in London. Four years later, in 1871, Engineering published a series of nine articles which described Wöhler's findings in considerable detail and brought them to the attention of engineers. Wöhler became a member of the newly created management board of the Imperial German Railways in 1874, an appointment that he retained until 1889. He is also remembered for his derivation in 1855 of a formula for calculating the deflections under load of lattice girders, plate girders, and other continuous beams resting on more than two supports. This "Three Moments" theorem appeared two years before Clapeyron independently advanced the same expression. Wöhler's other major contribution to bridge design was to use rollers at one end to allow for thermal expansion and contraction.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1855, "Theorie rechteckiger eiserner Brückenbalken", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 5:122–66. 1870, "Über die Festigkeitversuche mit Eisen und Stahl", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 20:73– 106.
    Wöhler's experiments on the fatigue of metals were reported in Engineering (1867) 2:160; (1871) 11:199–200, 222, 243–4, 261, 299–300, 326–7, 349–50, 397, 439–41.
    Further Reading
    R.Blaum, 1918, "August Wöhler", Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie 8:35–55.
    ——1925, "August Wöhler", Deutsches biographisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I, Stuttgart, pp. 103–7.
    K.Pearson, 1890, "On Wöhler's experiments on alternating stress", Messeng. Math.
    20:21–37.
    J.Gilchrist, 1900, "On Wöhler's Laws", Engineer 90:203–4.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Wöhler, August

  • 4 Staat

    m; -(e)s, -en
    1. state; (Land, Nation) auch country, nation; Staat im Staat state within a state; von Staats wegen by government decree; beim Staat arbeiten be employed by the government, be a civil servant; die Vereinigten Staaten the United States; in den Staaten umg. in the States, in the US (of A); die zwei deutschen Staaten HIST. the two Germanies
    2. ZOOL., DER Ameisen, Bienen: colony
    —
    m; -(e)s, kein Pl.; (Pracht) pomp, splendo(u)r; (beste Kleidung) finery; großen Staat machen bei Empfängen etc.: roll out the red carpet; bei Kleidung: dress up in one’s best, put on all one’s finery; mit etw. Staat machen flaunt s.th., show s.th. off; damit kannst du keinen Staat machen umg. that’s nothing to write home about
    * * *
    der Staat
    state; government; finery
    * * *
    [ʃtaːt]
    m -(e)s, -en
    1) state; (= Land) country

    die Stááten (inf) — the States (inf)

    im deutschen Stáát — in Germany

    die beiden deutschen Stááten (Hist) — the two Germanies or German states

    ein Stáát im Stááte — a state within a state

    von Stááts wegen — on a governmental level

    im Interesse des Stáátes — in the national interest, in the interests of the state

    zum Wohl des Stáátes — for the good of the nation

    beim Stáát arbeiten or sein (inf) — to be employed by the government or state

    so wenig Stáát wie möglich — minimal government

    der schlanke Stáát — the slimmed-down or lean state

    Stáát ist Stáát — the state's the state

    der Stáát bin ich (prov) — l'État, c'est moi

    2) (= Ameisenstaat, Bienenstaat) colony
    3) (fig) (= Pracht) pomp; (= Kleidung, Schmuck) finery

    in vollem Stáát — in all one's finery; (Soldaten) in full dress; (Würdenträger) in full regalia

    (großen) Stáát machen (mit etw) — to make a show (of sth)

    damit ist kein Stáát zu machen, damit kann man nicht gerade Stáát machen — that's nothing to write home about (inf)

    ohne großen Stáát damit zu machen — without making a big thing about it (inf)

    * * *
    der
    1) (beautiful clothes, jewellery etc: I arrived in all my finery.) finery
    2) (a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; ( also adjective) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.) state
    3) (ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; ( also adjective) state occasions/banquets.) state
    * * *
    <-[e]s, -en>
    [ʃta:t]
    m
    1. (Land) country
    eine Einrichtung des \Staates a state institution
    beim \Staat arbeiten [o sein] (fam) to be employed by the government [or state]
    ein \Staat im \Staate a state within a state
    3. (Insektenstaat) colony
    4. pl (USA)
    ▪ die \Staaten the States
    die Vereinigten \Staaten [von Amerika] the United States [of America], the US[A], the U.S. of A. hum
    5. (Ornat) finery
    in vollem \Staat in all one's finery
    6.
    ▶ viel \Staat machen to make a big [or lot of] fuss
    ▶ damit ist kein \Staat zu machen [o damit kann man keinen \Staat machen] that's nothing to write home about fam
    mit diesem alten Anzug kannst du [beim Fest] keinen \Staat machen you'll hardly be a great success [at the celebrations] in [or with] that old suit
    mit diesem verwilderten Garten ist kein \Staat zu machen this overgrown garden won't impress anyone
    ▶ von \Staats wegen on the part of the [state] authorities, on a governmental level
    * * *
    der; Staat[e]s, Staaten

    die Staaten — (die USA) the States

    von Staats wegen — on the part of the [state] authorities

    2) o. Pl. (ugs.): (Festkleidung, Pracht) finery

    mit diesem Mantel ist kein Staat mehr zu machen — (fig. ugs.) this coat is past it (coll.)

    * * *
    Staat1 m; -(e)s, -en
    1. state; (Land, Nation) auch country, nation;
    Staat im Staat state within a state;
    von Staats wegen by government decree;
    beim Staat arbeiten be employed by the government, be a civil servant;
    die Vereinigten Staaten the United States;
    in den Staaten umg in the States, in the US (of A);
    die zwei deutschen Staaten HIST the two Germanies
    2. ZOOL, der Ameisen, Bienen: colony
    Staat2 m; -(e)s, kein pl; (Pracht) pomp, splendo(u)r; (beste Kleidung) finery;
    großen Staat machen bei Empfängen etc: roll out the red carpet; bei Kleidung: dress up in one’s best, put on all one’s finery;
    mit etwas Staat machen flaunt sth, show sth off;
    damit kannst du keinen Staat machen umg that’s nothing to write home about
    * * *
    der; Staat[e]s, Staaten

    die Staaten — (die USA) the States

    von Staats wegen — on the part of the [state] authorities

    2) o. Pl. (ugs.): (Festkleidung, Pracht) finery

    mit diesem Mantel ist kein Staat mehr zu machen — (fig. ugs.) this coat is past it (coll.)

    * * *
    -en m.
    country n.
    nation n.
    state n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Staat

  • 5 staat

    m; -(e)s, -en
    1. state; (Land, Nation) auch country, nation; Staat im Staat state within a state; von Staats wegen by government decree; beim Staat arbeiten be employed by the government, be a civil servant; die Vereinigten Staaten the United States; in den Staaten umg. in the States, in the US (of A); die zwei deutschen Staaten HIST. the two Germanies
    2. ZOOL., DER Ameisen, Bienen: colony
    —
    m; -(e)s, kein Pl.; (Pracht) pomp, splendo(u)r; (beste Kleidung) finery; großen Staat machen bei Empfängen etc.: roll out the red carpet; bei Kleidung: dress up in one’s best, put on all one’s finery; mit etw. Staat machen flaunt s.th., show s.th. off; damit kannst du keinen Staat machen umg. that’s nothing to write home about
    * * *
    der Staat
    state; government; finery
    * * *
    [ʃtaːt]
    m -(e)s, -en
    1) state; (= Land) country

    die Stááten (inf) — the States (inf)

    im deutschen Stáát — in Germany

    die beiden deutschen Stááten (Hist) — the two Germanies or German states

    ein Stáát im Stááte — a state within a state

    von Stááts wegen — on a governmental level

    im Interesse des Stáátes — in the national interest, in the interests of the state

    zum Wohl des Stáátes — for the good of the nation

    beim Stáát arbeiten or sein (inf) — to be employed by the government or state

    so wenig Stáát wie möglich — minimal government

    der schlanke Stáát — the slimmed-down or lean state

    Stáát ist Stáát — the state's the state

    der Stáát bin ich (prov) — l'État, c'est moi

    2) (= Ameisenstaat, Bienenstaat) colony
    3) (fig) (= Pracht) pomp; (= Kleidung, Schmuck) finery

    in vollem Stáát — in all one's finery; (Soldaten) in full dress; (Würdenträger) in full regalia

    (großen) Stáát machen (mit etw) — to make a show (of sth)

    damit ist kein Stáát zu machen, damit kann man nicht gerade Stáát machen — that's nothing to write home about (inf)

    ohne großen Stáát damit zu machen — without making a big thing about it (inf)

    * * *
    der
    1) (beautiful clothes, jewellery etc: I arrived in all my finery.) finery
    2) (a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; ( also adjective) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.) state
    3) (ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; ( also adjective) state occasions/banquets.) state
    * * *
    <-[e]s, -en>
    [ʃta:t]
    m
    1. (Land) country
    eine Einrichtung des \Staates a state institution
    beim \Staat arbeiten [o sein] (fam) to be employed by the government [or state]
    ein \Staat im \Staate a state within a state
    3. (Insektenstaat) colony
    4. pl (USA)
    ▪ die \Staaten the States
    die Vereinigten \Staaten [von Amerika] the United States [of America], the US[A], the U.S. of A. hum
    5. (Ornat) finery
    in vollem \Staat in all one's finery
    6.
    ▶ viel \Staat machen to make a big [or lot of] fuss
    ▶ damit ist kein \Staat zu machen [o damit kann man keinen \Staat machen] that's nothing to write home about fam
    mit diesem alten Anzug kannst du [beim Fest] keinen \Staat machen you'll hardly be a great success [at the celebrations] in [or with] that old suit
    mit diesem verwilderten Garten ist kein \Staat zu machen this overgrown garden won't impress anyone
    ▶ von \Staats wegen on the part of the [state] authorities, on a governmental level
    * * *
    der; Staat[e]s, Staaten

    die Staaten — (die USA) the States

    von Staats wegen — on the part of the [state] authorities

    2) o. Pl. (ugs.): (Festkleidung, Pracht) finery

    mit diesem Mantel ist kein Staat mehr zu machen — (fig. ugs.) this coat is past it (coll.)

    * * *
    …staat m im subst:
    Feudalstaat feudal state;
    Unrechtsstaat state without justice
    * * *
    der; Staat[e]s, Staaten

    die Staaten — (die USA) the States

    von Staats wegen — on the part of the [state] authorities

    2) o. Pl. (ugs.): (Festkleidung, Pracht) finery

    mit diesem Mantel ist kein Staat mehr zu machen — (fig. ugs.) this coat is past it (coll.)

    * * *
    -en m.
    country n.
    nation n.
    state n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > staat

  • 6 министерство путей сообщения

    1. ministry of railroads
    2. ministry of railways
    3. ministry of the railroads

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > министерство путей сообщения

  • 7 state

    I [steɪt] noun
    1) the condition in which a thing or person is:

    What a state you're in!

    He was not in a fit state to take the class.

    حالَه
    2) a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation:

    The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state

    The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state

    ( also adjective) The railways are under state control

    state-controlled / owned industries.

    دَوْلَه، وِلايَه
    3) ceremonial dignity and splendour:

    The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster

    ( also adjective) state occasions/banquets.

    أبَّهَه، فَخامَه، بَهاء II [steɪt] verb
    to say or announce clearly, carefully and definitely:

    You have not yet stated your intentions.

    يُصَرِّح

    Arabic-English dictionary > state

  • 8 Merritt, William Hamilton

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 3 July 1793 Bedford, Winchester County, New York, USA
    d. 5 July 1862 aboard a vessel on the Cornwall Canal, Canada
    [br]
    American-born Canadian merchant, entrepreneur and promoter of the First and Second Welland Canals bypassing the Niagara Falls and linking Lakes Ontario and Erie.
    [br]
    Although he was born in the USA, his family moved to Canada in 1796. Educated in St Catharines and Niagara, he received a good training in mathematics, navigation and surveying. He served with distinction in the 1812–14 war, although he was captured by the Americans in 1814. After the war he established himself in business operating a sawmill, a flour mill, a small distillery, a potashery, a cooperage and a smithy, as well as running a general store. By 1818 he was one of the leading figures in the area and realized that for real economic progress it was essential to improve communications in the Niagara peninsula; in that year he surveyed a route for a waterway that would carry boats.
    In c. 1820 he began discussions with neighbouring landowners and businessmen, who, on 19 January 1824 together obtained a charter for building the first Welland Canal to link Lakes Ontario and Erie. They were greatly influenced by the realization that the completion of the Erie Canal would attract trade through the United States instead of through Canada. Construction began on 30 November 1824, largely with redundant labour from the Erie Canal. Merritt foresaw the need for financial support and for publicity to sustain interest in the project. Accordingly he started a newspaper, the Farmer's Journal and Welland Canal Intelligencer, which was published until 1835. He also visited York (now Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada, and obtained some support, but the Government was reluctant to assist financially. He was more successful in raising money in New York. Then in 1828 he visited England to see Telford and persuaded both Telford and the Duke of Wellington, among others, to purchase shares. The Canal opened on 30 November 1829. In 1832 Merritt became a member of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, and after the Union of the Canadas in 1841 he was elected to the new Assembly, later serving as Minister of Public Works and then as President of the Assembly. He advocated improvements to the St Lawrence River and also promoted railways. He pioneered a bridge across the Niagara River that was opened in 1849 and later carried a railway. He was not a canal engineer, but he did pioneer communications in developing territory.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.M.Styran and R.R.Taylor, 1988, The Welland Canals. The Growth of Mr Merritt's
    Ditch, Erin, Ont.: Boston Mills Press.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Merritt, William Hamilton

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